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I. ¼·Ð:
À§´ëÇÑ ¹®ÇÐÀÛÇ°ÀÌ µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±× Çؼ®ÀÇ ÆøÀº ³Ð°íµµ ¹«ÇÑÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ¼ÒÀ§ ÅؽºÆ®¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼´Â Àǹ̻ó ºÒ¿ÏÀü/ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ Á¸Àç¶ó´Â ¸»°ú °°´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÅؽºÆ®ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ °íÁ¤µÇ¾î ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ Á¸Àç·Î ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¹æÆíÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀÇ Æí¿¡¼ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÇÁ·ÎÆÄ°Õ´õ(propaganda) ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ±× ¹«¾ùµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ÀÛÇ°À» ÅëÇØ ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Áñ°Å¿òÀº µ¶¼¶ó´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±¸°¡ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ »êÃâÀ̶ó´Â Ư±ÇÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÅؽºÆ®´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¿·ÁÁø ±¸Á¶À̾î¾ß Çϸç, ·¹ºñ-½ºÆ®·Î½º(Levi-Strauss)ÀÇ À׿©ÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅؽºÆ®¿Í µ¶ÀÚÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ µ¥¸®´Ù(Derrida)´Â "»êÁ¾(Dissemination)"À̶ó´Â °³³äÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇß´Ù(Cuddon 250). ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾îÂî º¸¸é ¹®ÇÐÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿Í Æò°¡¶õ ¿À·ù·Î Á¡Ã¶µÈ Çؼ®ÀÇ ÁýÇÕüÀÏ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾îÆ®(Eliot)°¡ ¼ÎÀͽºÇǾ ÆòÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼, "(ÀÌÇØ)ÀÇ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö±â À§ÇÑ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù(it is certain that nothing is more effective way in driving out error than a new error)."(Eliot 126)¶ó°í ÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº ¹®ÇÐÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÊÀÚ´Â ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼ ÃݼÀÇ {»õµéÀÇ ÀÇȸ}¶ó´Â ÀÛÇ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã·ÐÀû(tentative) ÀÌÇظ¦ ½ÃµµÇÏ¸é¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹üÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÇÊ»ýÀÇ ´ëÀÛÀÎ {ĵÅͺ£¸® À̾߱â(The Canterbury Tales)}°¡ ¾²¿©Áö±â Á÷Àü¿¡ ¾²¿©Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, ÀÌ ¼Ó¿¡´Â ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ź»ýµÉ ´ëÀÛÀÇ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ¿¹°ßÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í, È°±â Âù ´ëÈüÀÇ ¹®Çü°ú, ¸¹Àº ±ØÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù(Robinson 309). ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ¼ÒÀ§ ÃݼÀÇ ÀÌŸ® ¹®ÇбâÀÎ 1380³â¿¡¼ 1386³â »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î¼, ¶óƾ¹®Çаú ÀÌŸ® ¹®ÇÐÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡ ±âº» °ñ°ÝÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº Å©°Ô ¼¼ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ³ª´µ¾î Áö´Âµ¥, °¢°¢ÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀº °¢°¢ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹®ÇÐÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ù ºÎºÐÀº Å°ÄÉ·Î(Cicero)ÀÇ {½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿ÀÀÇ ²Þ(Somnium Scipionis)}ÀÌ À̾߱âÀÇ ±Ù°£À» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ°í, µÑ° ºÎºÐÀº º¸Ä«Ä¡¿À(Boccaccio)ÀÇ {Å×¼¼À̵å(Teseide)}, ±×¸®°í ¼Â° ºÎºÐÀº ¾Æ¶õ(Alanus)ÀÇ {ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ºÒÆò(De Planctu Naturae)}ÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصȴÙ. ÀÌ·± ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ÀǽÄÇÏ¿© ·Îºó½¼(Robinson)Àº ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°À» ¹®ÇÐÀÇ Â÷¿ëÀÛ(literary borrowings)À̶ó°í ¸íÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù(Brewer 3).
ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ¹æÇâÀº ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀ» ÅëÇؼµµ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ »õµéÀ» ÀÇÀÎȽÃÄÑ À̾߱⸦ ÁøÇàÇØ °£´Ù´Â Àǹ̿¡¼, Áß¼¼¹®ÇÐÀÇ Å« °æÇâÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾Ë·¹°í¸®Àû Çؼ®ÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀÌ´Ù. Áï ÆòÀÚµéÀº Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°À» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ À̸鿡 ¼û°ÜÁø ÇÔÀǸ¦ ã´Âµ¥ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿© ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ³ª¿Â °á°ú´Â ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ 1383³â ¹ß·»Å¸Àε¥ÀÌ(St. Valentine Day)¸¦ ±â³äÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾²¿©Áø °ÍÀ̶ó°Å³ª(Brewer 3), ¸®Ãµå 2¼¼¿Í º¸Çì¹Ì¾ÆÀÇ °øÁÖ¿ÍÀÇ °áÈ¥ ȤÀº Ãݼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °áÈ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ë·¹°í¸®·Îµµ ÀÌÇصǾîÁ³°í(Robinson 309-10), ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÛÇ° ¼Ó¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â »õµéÀÇ µî±ÞÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© »çȸ°è±Þ°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀ¸·Îµµ Çؼ®ÀÌ µÇ¾îÁø ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù(Brian 126).
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» Áö¾çÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ ÇÊÀÚ´Â ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ À̸鿡 ¼û°ÜÁø Àǹ̸¦ ÃßÀûÇÏÁö ¾È´Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ¼¼ú±¸Á¶¿Í ÀǹÌÀü´Þ°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ »ìÆ캽À¸·Î½á, ÃʼÀÇ Çö¼¼ÀûÀÌ°íµµ ³Ë³ËÇÑ ¹®ÇаüÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ¼¼ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼¼ú±¸Á¶°¡ ÀÏ°üµÇ¾îÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Áï ¼¼ú±¸Á¶°¡ »ê¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ÈåÆ®·¯Á® ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̾߱âÀÇ ÁøÇàÀÌ ÇÑ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ·Î Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î À̾߱Ⱑ ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼¼ú±¸Á¶ÀÇ »ê¸¸ÇÔÀº Ãݼ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÛ°¡Àû °áÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎ½ÄµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×°¡ ÀÌ·± ¿©Áö¸¦ ÀǽÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ» ¸® ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×°¡ °¢ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ ½ÃµµÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¾ß¸»·Î ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°À» ÅëÇؼ ±×°¡ ÀǵµÇß´ø ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇÑ ¹æÆíÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ³íÁö´Â "ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½ÃÇüÀÇ À̸鿡´Â ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀû Àǵµ(conscious artistic purpose)°¡ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Ù"°í ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ÇÁ·©Å©(Frank 530)ÀÇ »ý°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. Áï ÀÛÇ° ¼ÓÀÇ ¼¼ ºÎºÐ À̾߱âÀÇ ¼¼ú±¸Á¶¸¦ ÅëÇØ, Çü½Ä°ú Àǹ̿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ »ìÆ캸´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù.
II-i. ¼°î(Prelude):
¼°îÀº ÈÀÚ°¡ º»°ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ²Þ À̾߱â(dream vision)¸¦ À¯µµÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æÆí, Áï µµÀԺηΠ»ç¿ëµÈ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. 84Çà±îÁö¿¡¼ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â À̾߱âÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀº "ÀλýÀº ª°í, ÀçÁÖ(?)´Â ¹è¿ì±â¿¡ ³Ê¹« ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ µå´Â±º(The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne)(1)"À̶ó´Â ±Ù¾öÇÑ µµ´öÀû À½¼ºÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ÀÌ ÂªÀº ±¸ÀýÀÌ °ð ÀÌ ¼°î ºÎºÐÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ÇÔÃàÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëº¯ÇØ ÁØ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÌ "ars longa vita brevis"¶ó´Â È÷Æ÷Å©¶óÅ×½ºÀÇ ¸»À» ¿ø¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, »ç½Ç Áß¼¼ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ¸·Î º»´Ù¸é "craft(=ars)"¶õ ±× ¾²ÀÓ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. Áï °úÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼´Â ÀÚ¿¬À» ´É°¡ÇÏ°í ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصǾîÁ³°í, ±³À°¿¡¼´Â õºÎÀû Àç´ÉÀÇ ¹Ý´ë °³³äÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÈƷðú ´Ü·ÃÀ» ÀǹÌÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼´Â Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³»´Â ±â±³¸¦ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù(Doran 55). ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÀÛÇ° ¼Ó¿¡¼ÀÇ "craft"¶õ "¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ »ç¶û"À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, ÀÌ´Â ÀÏ»ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹è¿öµµ ¸ð¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ¼¼»ó ¸ðµç °íÅëÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·Î ÀνĵȴÙ.
Th'assay so hard, so sharp the conquerynge,
The dredful joue, alway that slit so yerne:
Al this mene I by Love, that my felynge
Astonyeth with his wonderful werkynge
So sore, iwis, that whan I on hym thynke,
Nat wot I wel wher that I flete or synke.(2-7)
ÀÌ·± »ý°¢À» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¸é¼ ÈÀÚ´Â ±× Àڽŵµ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹«ÁöÇϸç, °æÇèÀÌ ¾ø°í, ¿ÀÁ÷ Ã¥À» ÅëÇؼ »ç¶ûÀ» ¹è¿î´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ¸é¼ ÈÀڷμÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´Ù¼Ò °´°üÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡¿¡ µÎ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
For al be that I knowe nat Love in dede,
Ne wot how that he quiteth folk here hyre,
Yit happeth me ful ofte in bokes reede
Of his myrakles and his crewel yre.(8-11)
¾Æ¿ï·¯ ÀÌ ¼°îºÎºÐ¿¡¼´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÐÀº Ã¥, "Tullyus of the Drem of Scipioun"À» ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í½ÃÇÏ°í, ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϸé¼, ±× ¼¼úÀÇ ÁÖü·Î¼ ÁÖ·Î 3ÀÎĪ ´ë¸í»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íµµ ±×ÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °´°üÀû ÀÔÀåÀ» µå·¯³»ÁÖ±â À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿ÀÀÇ ²ÞÀº ¼°îÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¡ÇǼҵåÀÌ´Ù. ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À´Â ²Þ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¶»óÀÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º(Old Affrycan)¸¦ ¸¸³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º´Â ¸¶Ä¡ {¸í¿¹ÀÇ Àü´ç(The House of Fame)}¿¡¼ÀÇ µ¶¼ö¸®Ã³·³ ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À¸¦ õ»óÀ¸·Î ÀεµÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ÀÌ Ãµ»óÀº °ð ¼°îÀÇ ¹«´ë°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼°îÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹«´ë°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Áß¼¼ÀÎÀÇ °ü³ä»ó °¡Àå Á¶È·Ó°í ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ¹«´ë¿¡¼ ²Ù¸çÁö´Â ÇÑÆíÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ç¿¬È÷ ±× ¼¼ú¾ç½Äµµ ±×¿¡ °É¸Â´Â ÁßÈÄÇÏ°í ±Ù¾öÇÑ µµ´öÀû ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î ÀÏ°üµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÎ ¼¼ ¹ø° ºÎºÐ, ÀÇȸ¿¡¼ »õµéÀÌ ¹úÀÌ´Â ³íÀï Àå¸é°ú ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ´ëÁ¶¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°Ô µÈ´Ù.
½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º¿¡°Ô »çÈÄÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇؼ Áú¹®Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º´Â, "¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »î ÀÚü°¡ °ð Á×À½À̸ç, ÀÇ·Î¿î ¿µÈ¥Àº »çÈÄ¿¡ õ»ó¿¡¼µµ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ï ¼ö ÀÖÀ½(And that oure present worldes lyves space/ Nis but a maner deth, what wey we trace/ And rightful folk shul gon, after they dye,/ To hevene;)(53-57)"À» ¼³ÆÄÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Áß¼¼ÀÎÀÇ ³»¼¼ÁöÇâÀû ¼¼°è°ü°ú ¼¼¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çø¿À(comtemptus mundi)¸¦ µå·¯³½ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À´Â õ»ó¿¡ ºñÇØ ³Ê¹«³ª ÃʶóÇÑ ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ºÎÁ¶È½º·± ¸ð½À(lytel erthe that here is,/ At regard of the hevenes quantite;)À» º¸¸é¼(57-8), ÀÌ¿Í´Â ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â õ»óÀÇ Á¶È·Î¿î À½¾Ç(welle is of musik and melodye)À» µè°ÔµÈ´Ù(62-3).
¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º´Â ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À¿¡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Ãæ°í¸¦ Áִµ¥,
And he seyde, "know thyself first immortal,
And loke ay besyly thow werche and wysse
To commune profit, and thow shalt not mysse
To comen swiftly to that place deere
That ful of blysse is and of soules cleere.
But brekers of the lawe, soth to seyne,
And likerous folk, after that they ben dede,
Shul whirle aboute th'erthe alwey in peyne,
Tyl many a world be passed, out of drede,
And than, foryeven al hir wikked dede,
Than shul they come into this blysful place,
To which to comen God the sende his grace."(73-84)
(ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ÀÌÅŸ¯)
¿©±â¼ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º´Â ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À¿¡°Ô ÀÌŸÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ìµµ·Ï ±ÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â À̱âÀûÀÎ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç À̸¦ Æ÷¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌŸÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀ̾߸»·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀ» ¹Þ´Â ±æÀÓÀ» ¼³±³ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¾Õ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒÇà°ú °íÅëÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»°ú ±Ë¸¦ °°ÀÌ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
¼°îÀº Çϴÿ¡¼ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ À̾߱â·Î¼, ±× ³»¿ë°ú ¼¼ú¾ç½ÄÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ¼¼úÇÏ´Â ¸ñ¼Ò¸®°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÅæÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿©, ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Áß¼¼Àû, µµ´öÀû »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÆîÄ¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÈÀÚÀÇ Àǵµ¿Í ÀÏÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÈÀڴ õ»óÀ» °¡Àå ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ »ç¶û--ÀÌŸÀûÀÎ »ç¶û--ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ¼¼°è·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
II-ii. »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿ø(Garden of Love):
ÈÀÚ Ãݼ´Â Ã¥À» Àдٰ¡ ÀáÀÌ µé°í, ²Þ¼Ó¿¡¼ ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿À¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´ø ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º°¡ ¶È°°Àº ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ±× ¾Õ¿¡ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù(96-98). ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º´Â Ãݼ¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³°Àº À̾߱â(In lokynge of myn olde bok totorn)¸¦ ÀоîÁØ µ¥ ´ëÇÑ º¸´äÀ¸·Î ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ¸·Î ÀεµÇÑ´Ù(109-112). ÀÌ·± ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ »óȲÀº ¾Õ¼± ¼°î¿¡¼ÀÇ ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿ÀÀÇ ²ÞÀ̶ó´Â ¿¡ÇǼҵå¿Í º´Ä¡µÇ¸é¼, ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô Ãݼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̾߱â·Î À̲ø±â À§ÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀüÀÌ(role-change)ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ¶ç°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×°¡ ÀεµÇÏ´Â ´ÜÅ×½ÄÀÇ ¿©Çà(Dantesque journey)À» ÅëÇؼ Ãݼ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ ÀÌÁß¼ºÀ» °æÇèÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀÇ ¿¡ÇǼҵå´Â ÈÀÚ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀÌÁßÀû ¼Ó¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ÀåÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¼± ±×´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡±â¿¡ ¾Õ¼, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̾߱âÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ²ÞÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹àÈù´Ù(115). ±×·¯³ª ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »ç¶û°ú´Â ¹«°üÇÔÀ» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø õ¸íÇÏÁö¸¸, ÁøÀÛ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̾߱⿡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ¿©Å¸ÀÇ Áß¼¼Àû °ü½À»ó ½ÃÀÇ ½Å ¹ÂÁî¿¡°Ô °¥±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶ûÀÇ ½Å ºñ³Ê½º¿¡°Ô °¥±¸ÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀÌ·¯´ÏÄ®ÇÑ ¸éÀ» ¿¬ÃâÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.
Cytherea! thow blysful lady swete,
.................
Whan I began my sweven for to write,
So yif me myght to ryme and ´Ù t'endyte!(113-19)
Ãݼ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀÇ ´ë¹®À» µé¾î¼¸é¼ ¾çÂÊ º®¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø »ó¹ÝµÈ µÎ ¹®±¸¸¦ ÀаԵȴÙ.
ÇÑ ÂÊÀº,
"Thorgh me men gon into that blysful place
Of hertes hele and dedly woundes cure;
Thorgh me men gon unto the welle of grace,
There grene and lusty May shal evere endure.
This is the wey to al good adventure.
Be glad, thow redere, and thy sorwe of-caste;
Al open am I pass in, and sped thee faste!"(127-33)
À̶ó°í ÀûÇôÀÖ°í, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ÂÊÀÇ ±¸ÀýÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
"Thorgh me men gon," than spak that other side,
"Unto the mortal strokes of the spere
Of which Disdayn and Daunger is the gyde,
Ther nevere tre shal fruyt ne leves bere.
This strem yow ledeth to the sorweful were
There as the fish in prysoun is al drye;
Th'eschewing is only the remedye!"(134-40)
ÀüÀڴ Ȳ±Ý ±Û¾¾·Î ¾²¿©Áø ¹Ý¸é, ÈÄÀÚ´Â °ËÀº ±Û¾¾·Î ¾²¿©ÁüÀ¸·Î½á, ¸Å¿ì ³ë°ñÀûÀÎ ¾Ë·¹°í¸®Àû ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. ÀüÀÚ´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô °áÈ¥À¸·Î À̲ø¾îÁø »ç¶û(natural and married love)À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ ´Ù¸é, ÈÄÀÚ´Â ºñ±Ø¼ºÀ» ÀáÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ±ÃÁ¤½Ä »ç¶û(courtly love)ÀÇ ¾ç»óÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ±ÛÀº ȯÈ÷·Ó°í Á¶È·Î¿î »ç¶ûÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÌ °¥¸ÁÇÏ´Â ºñ±ØÀûÀÌ°íµµ ºÎÁ¶È½º·± »ç¶ûÀÇ ¾çŸ¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
This gate seems to symbolize two distinct kinds of Love to be found in the garden; Love according to Nature, which promises ever green joy, and Love of a more courtly kind which leads to barren sorrow and despair. (McDonald 312)
Ãݼ´Â À̾߱âÀÇ ÁøÇà°ú ´õºÒ¾î ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °´°üÀû À§Ä¡¸¦ µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô È®ÀνÃÅ°·Á Çϴµ¥, ±×´Â ÀÌ À̾߱Ⱑ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´©½º°¡ ¼ÒÀ縦 Á¦°øÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼(And if thow haddest connyng for t'endite,/ I shal the shewe master of to wryte.)(166-67), ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ »ç¶û°ú´Â ¹«°üÇÏ¸ç ´ÜÁö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇÊÀç·Î Àü´ÞÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â ÀÔÀåÀ» °ßÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±×ÀÇ ¸é¸ð´Â ¸¶Ä¡ {¼±³àÀü(The Legend of Good Women)}¿¡¼ Ãݼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾ËÄɽºÆ¼½º(Alceste)·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ÒÀ縦 Á¦°ø¹Þ¾Æ ÂøÇÑ ¿©ÀεéÀÇ »ýÀ» ¾´´Ù°í Ç¥¸íÇÑ °Í(480-81)°ú ¸ÆÀ» °°ÀÌÇÏ´Â ÃݼÀÇ °ü½À(Chaucerian convention)À̶ó°í º¸¾Æµµ ÁÁ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Ãݼ°¡ °üÂûÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ º¸°í, µéÀº ¹Ù¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î Àü°³µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¿©±â¼ ¿ì¸®´Â À¯´Þ¸® ¸¹Àº °´°üÀû ¹¦»çÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï Ãݼ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ» ¹¦»çÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, "A garden saw", "herde I", "saw I", "Fond I"¿Í °°Àº ¸»·Î¼ À̾߱⸦ ÁøÇà½ÃÄÑ, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸ÀδÙ.
¿ì¼± ÀÌ °÷Àº ¸Å¿ì ¸ñ°¡ÀûÀÎ ¾ç»ó(pastoral vision)À» º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®°í ÃݼÀÇ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»ç´Â ¸Å¿ì ¼»çÀûÀÌ°í ȸÈÀûÀÌ´Ù(169-210). ¸¹Àº Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä¡ ÇÑÆíÀÇ ±×¸²À» µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °¢ÀÎ ½ÃÅ°µí ¼¼¹ÐÇÑ ¹¦»ç¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù.
For overal where that I myne eyen caste
Were trees clad with leves that ay shal laste;
Ech in his kynde, of colour fresh and greene
As emeraude, that joye was to seene.(172-75)
Th'air of that place so attempre was
That nevere was ther grevauce of hot ne cold;
There wex ek every holsom spice and gras;
No man may there waxe sek ne old;(204-207)
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ¸ñ°¡Àû ºÐÀ§±âÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øµµ ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ¾ÆÀÌ·¯´Ï¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿ì¼± º» °ÍÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ ½Å Å¥Çǵå¿Í ±×¹Û¿¡ »ç¶û°ú ¿¬°üµÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºµéÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈµÈ ¸ð½ÀµéÀÌ´Ù(211-266). ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¼Ó¼ºµé ÀÚü°¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡ À̹ÙÁöÇÏ´Â ¼Ó¼º(Delight, Pleasure, Adornment, Courtesy µî)µµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾Æ¿ï·¯ »ç¶ûÀ» ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¼Ó¼º(Jealousy, Bribery, Flattery µî)µéµµ ÇÔ²² °øÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼Ó¼ºµéÀº °áÄÚ ¼°î¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÑ ÀÌŸÀû »ç¶û(commune profyt)¿¡ À̹ÙÁö ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Â ¿äÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ´Â °ð Ãݼ°¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ» ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Áß¼¼¹®Çп¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¸ð½À¿¡¼ Å»ÇÇÇÑ °÷À¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¾ç»óÀ» ¿ªÀü½ÃÅ´À¸·Î¼ Á»´õ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ´àÀº °÷À¸·Î ±×¸®·Á Çß´Ù°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. Ãݼ°¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ »ç¿øÀÇ º®¿¡¼ º» ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »ç¶û À̾߱⸦ ±×¸° º®ÈÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ºÒÇà¿¡ ºüÁø(Alle these were peynted on that other side,/ And al here love, and in what plyt they dyde.)(293-94) Àι°µé(Troilus, Semiramis, Tristan, Dido µî)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ª¿(281-294)À̶ó´Â »ç½Çµµ ÀÌ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀÌ °áÄÚ ÀÌ»óÇâÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ºÎÁ¶ÈÀÇ Àå¼Ò·Î¼ Ç׽à ºñ±ØÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ÀáÀçÇØ ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÓÀ» µå·¯³» ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¼ÎÀͽºÇǾîÀÇ {ÇÑ ¿©¸§¹ãÀÇ ²Þ(A Midsummer Night's Dream)}¿¡¼ ¾ÆÅ׳׶ó´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀû Çö½ÇÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ¹ú¾îÁö´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ °¥µîÀÌ ÀüÇô ±×·² °Í °°Áö ¾Ê´Â ¿äÁ¤ÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼µµ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö´Â °Í°ú °°Àº Çö»óÀ¸·Î Ãʼ°¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ» ¹¦»çÇß´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ Ãʼ´Â »öä°¨°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀεµµÇ¾î º» Àå¼Ò¸¦ °¡Àå ȸÈÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞÇÏ°íÀÚ ±×¿¡ °¡Àå ÇÕ´çÇÑ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼¼úÇü½ÄÀ» °ßÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
II-iii. ÀÇȸ Àå¸é(Parliament Scene):
301ÇàºÎÅÍ ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ³¡ÀÎ 699Çà±îÁö ÁøÇàµÇ´Â ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ¸¹Àº ³íÀï°ú ¼Ò¶õÀ¸·Î ÀÏ°üµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÃʼÀÇ °¨°¢Àº ¼¼úÇü½ÄÀ» ¸¹Àº Àοë(quotation)¿Í ±ØÀûÀÎ ´ëÈ, ±×¸®°í Å»°ÝÀûÀÎ ¹®Çü(flexible sentence)À¸·Î ÁøÇà½ÃÄÑ, Çü½Ä°ú ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÏÄ¡½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ³¯Àº ¸ðµç »õµéÀÌ Â¦À» Áþ´Â ¹ß·»Å¸ÀÎ µ¥ÀÌÀε¥(309-10), ¾Ï¼ö°¡ ¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Âµ¥´Â »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ °ü¿©µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ Ãݼ´Â »õµéÀ» ÀÇÀÎȽÃÄÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ¸¶À½²¯ °í¹ßÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ºÐÀ§±â ÀÚü°¡ ¼°î°ú´Â ³Ê¹« ±Ø¸íÇÑ ´ëÁ¶·Î ÀÏ°üµÇ¸é¼, ÃݼÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÇ ·»Áî´Â õ»ó¿¡¼ ¼Ó¼¼·Î ±× ¹æÇâÀ» ³»¸°´Ù. ±×·± °¡¿îµ¥¼µµ Ãݼ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈÀڷμÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÀÒÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
And right as Aleyn, in the Pleint of Kynde,
Devyseth Nature of aray and face,
In swich aray men myghte hire there fynde.(316-18)
¼Ó¼¼¸¦ °üÀåÇÏ´Â ¿©½Å ³×ÀÌÃÄ(Nature)´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÃѾÖÇÏ´Â ¾Ïµ¶¼ö¸®(formel eagle)ÀÇ Â¦À» ã¾ÆÁÖ·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¼ ¾Ïµ¶¼ö¸®¸¦ ÁöĪÇÏ´Â "formel"Àº ±× ¹ßÀ½»ó ¿©¼ºÀ̶ó´Â "female"À» ¿¬»óÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀÌ ¾Ï¼öÀÇ Á¶È·Î¿î °áÇÕ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ³×ÀÌÃÄ ¿ª½Ã ±× ½Å¶û Èĺ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¼¼ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ µ¶¼ö¸®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀϹæÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ, »óÈ£°£ÀÇ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÑ´Ù.
"But natheles, in this condicioun
Not be the choys of everich that is heere,
That she agre to his eleccioun,
Whoso he be that shulde be hire feere.(407-10)
¼¼ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ Èĺ¸ µ¶¼ö¸®´Â Á¦°¢±â Çü½Ä¿¡ öÀúÇÏ°Ô ±â»çµµÇ³ÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼·Î »ç¶ûÀ» °í¹éÇÑ´Ù(393-483). Ãݼ´Â ÀÌ Àå¸é¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ó·ù»çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñȸ¦ ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù.
Of al my lyf, syn that day I was born,
So gentil ple in love or other thyng
Ne herde nevere no men me be beforn,(484-86)
(ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ÀÌÅŸ¯)
Ãݼ´Â ¿©±â¼ óÀ½À¸·Î "Àΰ£(man)"À̶ó´Â ¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °á±¹ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÇÀÎÈ°¡ ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ¾ç»óÀÓÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ÇÏ·ù°è±ÞÀÇ »õµé(cokkow, goos, doke)ÀÌ µ¶¼ö¸®µéÀÇ ¸»À» µè°í, " Kek, kek! kkkow! quek, quek"(499)¶ó°í ÇßÀ» ¶§, »ó·ù»çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈñÈ´Â ±Ø¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. Áï »ó·ù»çȸÀÇ Àΰ£µéÀÌ º¸ÀÌ´Â À§¼±°ú ±×µéÀÌ °ßÁöÇÏ´Â Çü½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ¼ÒÀ§ ¿µ¾î¿¡¼ Àǹ̻ó "¾ûÅ͸®, »ç±â"¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â "quasi-"³ª "quack-"°úÀÇ µ¿À½¾î¸¦ ¿ïÀ½¼Ò¸®·Î ÅÃÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ÄÚ¹ÍÇÑ Àå³À» ¹úÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù°íµµ »ý°¢ÀÌ µç´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸é¿¡¼ ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ºñÆòÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ °è±Þ°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀÇ ¼ÒÁö¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
.....wrote the Palement in order to ridicule the courtly sentiment of the nobler birds through the criticism of the lewdness behind. (Lewis 172)
The birds assembled for the love debate are classified in a hierarchical system--birds of prey, water birds, seed birds, and worm birds--which parallels human social organization. (Brian 126)
±×·¯³ª »ó·ù»çȸÀÇ °ßÇطμ´Â °áÄÚ ÇØ°áÀ» º¼ ¼ö ¾ø°ÔµÇÀÚ, ³×ÀÌÃÄ´Â °¢ °è±ÞÀÇ ´ëÇ¥¸¦ ¼±Á¤Çؼ ¹æ¹ýÀ» µé¾îº¸·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ù ¹ø° ´ëÇ¥·Î¼ ¸Å(faucoun)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϴµ¥,
Ful hard were it to preve by resoun
.............
Me wolde thynke how that the worthieste
Of knyghthod, and lengest had used it,
Most estat, of blod the gentilleste,(534-50)
ÀÌ °ßÇØ´Â »ç¶ûÀ» À̼ºÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¸£¸é »ç¶ûÀº »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î³ª ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ´É·Â¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶ûÀÌ À̼ºÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¸Á°¢ÇÑ °ßÇØÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ´Â °ÅÀ§(goos)ÀÇ °ßÇØ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
My wit is sharp, I love no taryinge;
I seye I red hym, though he were my brother,
But she wol love hym love another!(565-67)
ÀÌ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ {Æ®·ÎÀÌ·¯½º¿Í Å©·¹½Ã´Ù(Troilus and Criseyde)}¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ÆǴٷ罺(Pandarus)¿Í °°Àº ÀÔÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. Áï »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ÇϳªÀÇ °ÔÀÓÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ´ë»óÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î°¡¸ç ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÔÀåÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ °ú¿¬ °ÅÀ§°¡ ½º½º·Î ¸»ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ³ÃöÇÑ Áö¼º°ú ´ëºñµÇ¸é¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¿ôÀ½À» ÁÖ´Â ¿©Áö¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö.
ºñµÑ±â(turtle)´Â »ç¶ûÀ» °¥±¸ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ¾òÁö ¸øÇϸé Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ¼öÀýÇ϶ó´Â ÀÔÀåÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °áÄÚ ±ÃÁ¤½Ä »ç¶ûÀÇ °ü½ÀÀ» ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÑ °ßÇØÀÌ´Ù.
Though that his lady everemore be straunge,
Yit lat hym serve hire ever, til he be ded.(584-85)
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼Ò¶õ½º·± ³íÀïÀ» ÅëÇؼ Ãݼ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Ãß±¸°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦À̸ç, °¢¾ç°¢ÀÎÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ¸î °³ÀÇ °è±ÞÀ» ´ëÇ¥Çؼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ ÇØ°áÃ¥Àº ¸ðµÎ À̱âÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ¸é¿¡¼ °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Àå¸é¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÄÚ±×Èú(Coghill)ÀÇ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾ð±Þµµ ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
So in the debate which follows, he looks steadily at the idea of love, how it is differently desired by different kinds of creature. (Coghill 59)
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Â¦Áþ±â¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ µ¶¼ö¸®´Â ÀϳⰣÀÇ ½Ã°£Àû À¯¿¹¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í, ±× ¿ä±¸´Â ³×ÀÌÃÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö¶ôµÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¼ ³×ÀÌÃÄ´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇѰ踦 Åä·ÎÇϸé¼, »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ À̼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦µµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, ±× ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹Ì¹¦ÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Çѹø »ó±â ½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù.
But as for conseyl for to shese a make,
If I were Resoun, certes, thanne wolde I
Conseyle yow the royal tercel take,(631-33)
±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¸ðµç »õµéÀº ¦À» Áö¾î ¶°³ª°í, ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·¡ ¼Ò¸®¿¡ Ãݼ´Â ÀáÀ» ±ü´Ù. ¿©±â¼ Ãݼ´Â ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛ°¡Àû ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °Á¶Çϸé¼, »õµéÀÇ ³ë·¡°¡ ºÒ¶õ¼ ³ë·¡¶ó´Â ¸»·Î¼ ¿©Å±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ç»óÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »óȲÀ̾úÀ½À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
The note, I trowe, imaked was in Fraunce,
The wordes were swiche as ye may heer fynde,
The next, verse, as I now have in mynde.(677-79)
±×¸®°í »õµéÀÇ ³ë·¡´Â ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ¾Õ¼ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀÇ ¾çÂÊ º®¿¡ ±â¼úµÇ¾ú´ø »ç¶ûÀÇ »ó¹ÝµÈ ¾ç»óÀ» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø »ó±â½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Now welcome, somer, with thy sonne softe,
That hast this wintres werdes overshake,
And driven away the longe nyghtes blake!(680-82)
Áï ¿©¸§°ú °Ü¿ïÀÇ ´ëÁ¶¸¦ ÅëÇØ »ç¶ûÀÇ È¯Èñ¿Í ºñ±ØÀ» À¯ÃßÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ °ð ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÓÀ» Ãݼ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖÁö½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ß·»Å¸ÀÎ µ¥ÀÌÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÌ »ó·ù»çȸ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÇÏ·ù»çȸ¿¡¼ ±¸ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °Íµµ Ãݼ°¡ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¾ÆÀÌ·¯´Ï°¡ ¾Æ´Ò±î.
III. °á·Ð:
ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦´Â Áß¼¼ºÎÅÍ Ä£¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îÁö´ø "±¸¾Ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ »ç¶û½Î¿ò"(love debate for "demande d'armour")ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ µÎ°í Ãݼ´Â °¢ ¿¡ÇǼҵ帶´Ù ¼¼úÇü½ÄÀ» ´Þ¸® ±¸»çÇß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °ð Çü½Ä°ú ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ À§ÇÑ, ¼ÒÀ§ ½Ã¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¹Ì¸Þƽ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ(mimetic form)À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æÆíÀ¸·Î ÀǵµµÇ¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Ãݼ´Â »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ÀÏ°üµÈ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ µÎ°í õ»óÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö¸¦ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú °ø°£À¸·Î Ç®¾î ÇØÃÄ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. õ»óÀÇ »ç¶ûÀº ÀÇȸÀÇ ³íÀïÀÌ ³¹«ÇÏ´Â ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ´ëÁ¶µÇ°í ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Finally, there is an important contrast between the certainty and order of the moral universe and the uncertainty and anarchy of universe of love. (Frank 535)
Áß°£ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿øÀº Á¾·¡ÀÇ ¸ñ°¡ÀûÀÎ ºÐÀ§±â·Î ÀÏ°üÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±× ¼Ó¿¡ Ç׽à ºñ±ØÀÇ ÀáÀ缺ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â, ÇÑÃþ ´õ Àΰ£ ³¿»õ°¡ ³ª´Â °ø°£À¸·Î ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼¼úÀÇ ¾ç»óÀ» µµÇ¥·Î ³ªÅ¸³»¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±æ ÀÌ: 84Çà 301Çà 699Çà
¼¼ú±¸Á¶: µµ´öÀû ¼»çÀû, ȸÈÀû ±ØÀû ´ëÈ, ³íÀï, Å»°ÝÀû ¹®Çü
°ø °£: õ»ó »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤¿ø ÀÇȸÀå¸é ¼Ó¼¼
<»õµéÀÇ ÀÇȸ>
±×¸®°í Ãݼ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̾߱⠼ӿ¡¼ Ç׽à °´°üÀû ŵµ¸¦ °ßÁöÇϹǷμ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑÃþ ´õ ±í°í ³ÐÀº »ý°¢À» Ã˱¸ÇÑ´Ù(Lewis 514/ Robinson 310). Ãʼ°¡ ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼ ÀǵµÇÑ ¹Ù´Â ¹«¾ùÀϱî? ±×´Â õ»óÀÇ ¸ð½À¸¸ÅÀ̳ª Çö¼¼ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½À(bonum in saeculo)¿¡µµ ¾ÖÂøÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ ÀÛÇ° ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±× ¿ª½Ã µ¶ÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ ÃæºÐÇÑ Àç¹Ì¸¦ Áñ±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ³ª´¶ À̾߱âÀÇ ±æÀ̸¦ º¸¾Æµµ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, Ãݼ´Â Ç׽à ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Àå ¾ÖÂøÀ» °¡Áø ºÎºÐ¿¡ ±æÀ̸¦ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÇÒ¾ÖÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, {¼±³àÀü}ÀÇ °æ¿ì »ç½Ç Ãݼ°¡ ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸»Àº ¸ðµÎ ¼½ÃºÎºÐ¿¡ ÀÀÁýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î {¼±³àÀü}¿¡¼ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¼±³àµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⿡¼´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÃݼÀÇ ¾ÖÂøÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ±×·¸±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼½Ã¿Í º» À̾߱âºÎºÐÀÇ ±æÀÌ°¡ °ÅÀÇ °°Àº ¿ªÀüµÈ ±¸Á¶¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Ãݼ´Â {»õµéÀÇ ÀÇȸ}¶ó´Â ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼ ÀÇȸ³íÀï ºÎºÐ¿¡ °¡Àå ±ä ±æÀ̸¦ ÇÒ¾ÖÇÏ¿©, °¡½ÄÀûÀÌ°í, Çü½Ä¿¡¸¸ Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Â À̱âÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûº¸´Ù´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ ºñ·Ï ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ºñ±Ø¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¼ÓÀεéÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¶û ¸ð½ÀÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Àΰ£ÀûÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ½ºÅ°ÇÇ¿ÀÀÇ ²ÞÀ̾߱â´Â ÀÌ·± ÃݼÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¿Ï°îÇÏ°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏ°í, ¶Ç ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ Áö°Ô µÉ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀû ºÎ´ãÀ» ´ú°íÀÚ ±¸Á¶ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÕÇüÀ» ¸ÂÃß±â À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î µµÀÔµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ®ÇØ º¼ ¶§, ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ±¸Á¶¿Í ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¼¼úÇü½ÄÀ» ¸Å°³·Î ÇÏ¿©, ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ Àǵµ¸¦ Àß Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô, ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °èȹ ÇÏ¿¡ Àß ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ´Ù.
(À¯ÇÑ´ë)
¢Â Âü °í ¹® Çå
Brewer, D. S. The Parlement of Foulys. Manchester UP, 1972.
Coghill, Nevill. The Poet Chaucer. OUP, 1950.
Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
Doran, Madeline. Endeavors of Art: A Study of Form in Elizabethan Drama. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1972.
Eliot, T. S. The Selected Essays. London: Farber and Farber, 1972.
Frank, Robert W. "Structure and Meaning in the Parlement of Foules," PMLA 71(1956)
Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love. OUP, 1976.
McDonald, C. O. "An Interpretation of Chaucer's Parlement of Foules," in Chaucer: Modern Essays in Criticism. ed. Edward Wagenknecht. OUP, 1978.
Robinson, F. N. ed. The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. OUP, 1966.
Stone, Brian. Chaucer: Love Vision. Harmondworth: Penguin, 1983.
¢Â Abstract
The Narrative Structure of
The Parliament of Fowls
Kong, Sung-Uk
The objective of this paper is to reveal the relation between the narrative structure and meaning Chaucer expects to show in The Parliament of Fowls. This poem consists of three parts--The Prelude, The Garden and The Parliament and in each scene Chaucer shows us different narrative technique. Some critics criticize this inconsistency in narration as irrelevancy or author's artistic fault. But I think this narrative inconsistency in the poem reflects author's intention that Chaucer thinks proper to show meaning of the poem. He, in each scene, tries different narrative style in each part as an effective way to show his intentional meaning in the poem.
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